Furthermore, PAD (the third-leading cause of death associated with cardiovascular morbidity worldwide) is becoming increasingly common, as the number of people diagnosed with PAD increased by 28.7% in low-to-middle-income countries and by 13.1% in high-income countries from 2000 to 2010 ( Fowkes et al., 2013). As for DVT, within 1 year of diagnosis, between 17% and 50% of cases lead to post-thrombotic syndrome, which is a chronic and potentially disabling condition ( Kesieme and Kesieme, 2011). In addition to the death toll, cardiovascular diseases can debilitate survivors and have consequently caused millions of people to suffer from residual issues long after acute treatment. CAD, which is particularly deadly and more widespread than DVT and PAD, accounts for approximately one-third of all deaths in individuals over the age of 35 ( Wilson and O’Donnell, 2017). Globally, there were over 420 million cases of cardiovascular disease in 2015, with the top three most widespread and severe arterial diseases being deep vein thrombosis (DVT), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and coronary artery disease (CAD) ( Roth et al., 2017). By reducing physical and financial encumbrances, the device presented in this work may better enable patients to treat cardiovascular diseases and aid in recovery from cardiac surgeries.Ĭardiovascular disease is the top global cause of unnatural deaths, and has accounted for the largest increase in deaths since the year 2000 ( World Health Organization, 2020). Furthermore, our textile-stacking method, inspired by conventional fabrication methods from the apparel industry, along with the lightweight fabrics used, allows the device to be worn more comfortably than other SCT devices. Our open-source, low-profile, and lightweight (140 g) device costs $62, less than one-third the cost the least expensive alternative and one-half the weight of lightest alternative approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), presenting the opportunity to more effectively provide SCT to socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals. Expanding on concepts from the field of soft robotics, textile sheets are thermally bonded to form pneumatic actuators, which are controlled by an inconspicuous and tetherless electronic onboard supply of pressurized air. Here, we present a low-cost wearable device to administer SCT, constructed using a stacked lamination fabrication approach. Meanwhile, sequential compression therapy (SCT) offers a low-risk alternative, but is currently expensive and unwieldy, and often requires the patient to be immobilized during administration. Treatment with long-term administration of medication can adversely affect other organs, and surgeries such as coronary artery grafts are risky. In 2020, cardiovascular diseases resulted in 25% of unnatural deaths in the United States.
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